By Jessica Parker in London & Danai Nesta Kupemba in Berlin
Germany's actions during its colonial rule of Tanzania resulted in the deaths of 300,000 people. Photo: BERND VON JUTRCZENKA
The German president has expressed "shame" for the colonial atrocities his country inflicted on Tanzania.
German forces killed almost 300,000 people during the Maji Maji rebellion in the early 1900s, one of the bloodiest anti-colonial uprisings.
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier was speaking at a museum in Songea, where the uprising took place.
"I would like to ask for forgiveness for what Germans did to your ancestors here," he said.
"What happened here is our shared history, the history of your ancestors and the history of our ancestors in Germany."
The Maji Maji rebellion was triggered by a German policy designed to force the indigenous population to grow cotton for export.
Tanzania was a part of German East Africa, which consisted of modern-day Rwanda, Burundi and parts of Mozambique.
President Steinmeier said he hoped Tanzania and Germany could work towards "communal processing" of the past.
He promised to "take these stories with me to Germany, so that more people in my country will know about them."
Germany has, until recently, had "colonial amnesia", according to Jürgen Zimmerer, a history professor at the University of Hamburg.
"The brutality and the racism of this colonial empire was not understood in the German public."
Germany's role in Africa at the turn of the 20th century is often overlooked. Photo: BERND VON JUTRCZENKA
As part of the three-day visit, the president met the descendants of one of the Maji Maji leaders, Chief Songea Mbano, who was among those executed in 1906.
He is now considered a national hero in Tanzania and President Steinmeier told the family the German authorities would try to find his remains.
Thousands of human remains were brought from German colonies - partly as "trophies" but also for racist research.
Prof Zimmerer said there was "almost no funding" available to identify where these bones and skulls, which lie in various museums or institutions, actually came from.
Some of the descendants of those killed have managed to locate them with the help of DNA tests.
On Tuesday, after meeting President Samia Suluhu Hassan in Dar es Salaam, he promised that Germany would co-operate with Tanzania for the "repatriation of cultural property".
Tanzania historian Mohamed Said welcomed the president's apology but told the BBC it did not go far enough.
"They decided to set farms on fire so people would run out of food and be unable to fight. This is unacceptable, in today's world they would be taken to court," he said.
In 2021, Germany officially acknowledged committing genocide during its occupation of Namibia and announced financial aid worth more than €1.1bn (NZD1.8bn).
The statements from Germany's president comes after King Charles acknowledged the "abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence committed against Kenyans" during their independence struggle, while on a visit to Nairobi.
However, the British monarch did not deliver a formal apology which would have to be decided by government ministers.
- This article was first published by the BBC