The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has confirmed two deaths so far following the volcanic eruption and tsunami in Tonga on Saturday.
A P-3K2 Orion aircraft flies over an area of Tonga that shows Ash on homes and surrounding vegetation. Photo: New Zealand Defence Force. Licenced under Creative Commons BY 4.0.
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano, which erupted on Saturday, was about 65km north of Tonga's capital Nuku'alofa.
There is now a huge clean-up operation in the town, which has been blanketed in thick volcanic dust.
Serious damage has been reported from the west coast of Tongatapu and a state of emergency has been declared.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has confirmed two deaths so far, but Fiji-based United Nations (UN) co-ordinator Jonathan Veitch said there were still areas that had not been contacted.
One of those fatalities was British national Angela Glover, who was reported by her family to have been killed by the tsunami, he said.
Glover is thought to have died trying to rescue her dogs at the animal charity she ran.
Veitch told RNZ full information from some islands - such as the Ha'apai group - was not available.
"We know that the Tonga Navy has gone there and we expect to hear back soon."
The communication situation was "absolutely terrible".
"I have worked in a lot of emergencies but this is one of the hardest in terms of communicating and trying to get information from there. With the severing of the cable that comes from Fiji they're just cut off completely. We're relying 100 percent on satellite phones.
"We've been discussing with New Zealand and Australia and UN colleagues ... and we hope to have this [cable] back up and running relatively soon, but it's been a bit of a struggle."
It had been "a lot more difficult" than regular operations, Veitch said.
One of the biggest concerns in the crisis was clean water, he said.
"I think one of the first things that can be done is if those aircraft or those ships that both New Zealand and Australia have offered can provide bottled drinking water. That's a very small, short-term solution.
"We need to ensure that the desalination plants are functioning well and properly ... and we need to send a lot of testing kits and other material over there so people can treat their own water, because as you know, the vast majority of the population in Tonga is reliant on rainwater, and with the ash as it currently is, it has been a bit acidic, so we're not sure of the quality of the water right now."
Another issue was access.
"Tonga is one of the few lucky countries in the world that hasn't had Covid ... so we'll have to operate rather remotely. So we'll be supporting the government to do the implementation and then working very much through local organisations."
For those in Tonga who were cut off, Veitch said the main message was "everybody is working day and night on this. We are putting our supplies together. We are ready to move. We have teams on the ground. We are coming up with cash and other supply solutions ... so help is on its way".
On Tuesday afternoon, ministers confirmed two New Zealand naval ships were being sent to Tonga to provide support, carrying fresh water, emergency provisions, and diving teams. The journey was expected to take three days.
Tonga's deputy head of mission in Australia, Curtis Tu'ihalangingie, said Tonga was concerned that aid deliveries could spread Covid-19 to the Covid-free nation.
"We don't want to bring in another wave - a tsunami of Covid-19," Tu'ihalangingie told Reuters by telephone, urging the public to wait for a disaster relief fund to donate.
Any aid sent to Tonga would need to be quarantined, and it was likely no foreign personnel would be allowed to disembark aircraft, he said.
Meanwhile, the UN said a distress signal had been detected in an isolated group of islands in the Tonga archipelago following Saturday's volcanic eruption and tsunami, prompting particular concern for its inhabitants.
The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said there had been no contact from the Ha'apai group of islands and there was "particular concern" about two small low-lying islands - Fonoi and Mango, where the active distress beacon was detected.
According to the Tonga government, 36 people live on Mango and 69 on Fonoi.
In a statement, the United Nations said they were working with the World Health Organisation (WHO) to assist the Tongan government.
Meanwhile, many remained displaced with 89 people taking shelter in evacuation centres on the island of 'Eua and more seeking shelter with relatives.
WHO health cluster coordinator for the pacific Sean Casey said although communication continued to be an issue, support was on the way for Tonga.
"We have very little way to contact the people of Tonga right now but, for all of their family and friends in other countries around the world, please know that your loved ones have our support," Casey said.
"Our thoughts - but more importantly our action - is with all of those who have been affected."
Australia's Minister for the Pacific Zed Seselja said Tongan officials were planning to evacuate people from outer islands where "they're doing it very tough, we understand, with many houses being destroyed in the tsunami".
Analysis of satellite images of Nomuka island by the UN Institute for Training and Research showed nearly a fifth of structures on the island have been damaged.
The agency said there were about 250 buildings on the island.
About 100 structures could been seen through cloud, and of them 41 had been affected and all were covered with ash.
The agency said the images come from a Pleiades satellite from yesterday before midday, and had not been validated by those on the field.
- RNZ / BBC / Reuters