University of Canterbury earthquake engineer Brendon Bradley says we can’t predict when and where earthquakes will occur, but “we do have probabilistic models that tell us the likelihood that certain faults are going to rupture over a certain period of time.”
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Brendon is the Director of QuakeCoRE – the New Zealand Centre for Earthquake Resilience. It is a Centre of Research Excellence that involves researchers from a wide range of organisations.
Brendon says resilience means “treating the entire earthquake pipeline from occurrence – how can we better understand where and when earthquakes occur – to the ground-shaking, the damage to buildings and other infrastructure, and then how society responds to that damage.”
“Ultimately it’s how we can reduce damage in the first place and how we can make society more resilient so that we can cope with the inevitable damage to a better degree.”
Brendon Bradley. Photo: UCNZ
Brendon has been in Christchurch for the past decade and he says his ‘professional career has been shaped by the earthquakes”, from the 2010 Darfield and 2011 Christchurch quakes to the 2016 Kaikōura quake.
As an earthquake engineer the quakes provided opportunities close to home to study the mechanisms and aftermath of large earthquakes.
“Large earthquakes don’t happen very often and as researchers we always immediately try to get out into the field, because there’s really no substitute for learning from observations.”
There was significant ground-shaking in all three earthquakes, which happens to be Brendon’s area of research.
It provided opportunities for “analysing the ground shaking and understanding how consistent that is with models we use to predict ground shaking for the future.”
Brendon and colleagues produced a simulation of the ground-shaking that occurred during the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake. It has been intercut with footage recorded by CCTV in an office building in Wellington.
While it is not possible to predict the timing and location of future earthquakes, QuakeCoRE researchers are involved in predicting future earthquake scenarios and their consequences.
Brendon is involved in developing deterministic models that can assess how likely it is that a certain magnitude earthquake might occur within a fixed time. “For example, in a 50-year period we might assign a 10 percent probability that a certain fault will rupture.”
These fault rupture models are combined with a ground motion model that “tells us, if this fault ruptures what will be the strength of shaking in different locations.”
Brendon says when the two models are combined it produces a quantitative estimate of how likely a certain strength of shaking is at any given location and we can then use those quantitative estimates to design buildings and other infrastructure.
Simulations showing intensity of ground shaking during three Canterbury earthquakes. Photo: Brendon Bradley / UCNZ
Ground shaking varies considerably depending on distance from the centre of an earthquake, and Brendan says it is difficult to communicate the idea that a particular experience in one earthquake may be completely different in the next earthquake.
“Just because we didn’t see it in that earthquake in the past, doesn’t mean we won’t see it in the future.”
He applies the same caution to the next likely rupture of New Zealand’s largest fault, the Alpine Fault.
“Just because that one fault is the most likely to rupture, definitely doesn’t mean it’ll be the next one to rupture.”
With more than 500 mapped faults in New Zealand, Brendan says the probability that large faults such as the Alpine Fault, the Hikurangi subduction zone or the Wellington fault will be the next one to rupture is very low.
“Little small faults are very unlikely to rupture but you have enough of them that sometimes they do rupture.”
Listen to the full podcast to hear Brendon talk more about the four large earthquake sequences that have happened in the past decade in New Zealand, some of the lessons learned and his research area of strong ground motion shaking.
Further listening - lessons from a shaky decade
A decade of earthquakes - Darfield. Christchurch. Cook Strait. Kaikōura. In the past decade, New Zealand has experienced four major earthquakes. Three GNS Science seismologists recollect their experience of the Big Ones and talk about the lessons we have learned from these ten shaky years.
Preparing for the next big quake - University of Canterbury earthquake engineer Brendon Bradley says we can’t predict when and where earthquakes will occur, but “we do have probabilistic models that tell us the likelihood that certain faults are going to rupture over a certain period of time.”
Designing low damage buildings - Low-damage buildings don't just save lives in an earthquake, says Geoff Rodgers - they are designed to be resilient so they can stay in use.
What we do during an earthquake and why it matters – David Johnston says say that when it comes to earthquakes, sometimes doing nothing is a safer option than taking the wrong action.