New research shows that women are under-represented when it comes to arguing cases before the country's highest courts.
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A report, on behalf of the Bar Association, looked at six years of cases before the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court and found no discernible trend of improvement over that period.
It found that women barristers and solicitors made up 27 percent of lead counsel appearances before both the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court.
The figure drops to 16 percent female representation when the Crown Law Office is excluded.
The report's co-authors, NZ Bar Association Council members Jenny Cooper QC and Gretta Schumacher, said although they expected to find disparity, the results were worse than they had anticipated.
"The most shocking aspect is the absence of any material improvement over the six years that the study covers," Ms Cooper said.
"This demonstrates the fallacy of the argument that it is just a matter of time and gender inequality will take care of itself."
Ms Cooper told Morning Report there are a number of speculative reasons as to why women appeared less often in top courts.
Clients selected who they wanted to represent them and often chose men over women.
"It really is speculation, but I do have a concern that there's a bit of a conscious or unconscious bias towards a rather stereotypical old-fashioned idea of what a court room lawyer should look like."
The data on Queen's Counsel shows that only around 9 percent of appearances by QCs are by women.
Overall there is an approximately 80:20 split of male/female QCs in New Zealand.
Gretta Schumacher said there was a risk that the shortage of women in senior advocacy roles would discourage young women from entering or remaining in the profession.
"Both male and female juniors need to have opportunities to work with and learn from senior female advocates. We need to make conscious efforts as a profession to ensure that advocacy is not seen as a male preserve."
NZ Bar Association president Clive Elliott QC said the research results were stark and disappointing.
"While many of us may have thought there was a gender imbalance for higher court legal representation, this research definitely confirms it. There has been a focus on trying to address the issue through gender equitable briefing, but clearly the legal profession needs to do more," he said.
Crown Law adopted the NZ Bar Association's Gender Equitable Briefing Policy in 2009, and adopted the joint NZ Bar Association and New Zealand Law Society Gender Equitable Engagement and Instruction Policy on its launch in 2017.