By Kate Whannel for BBC News
Rishi Sunak's battle over the Rwanda plan isn't over yet. Photo: AFP
UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has succeeded in getting his key Rwanda bill through the House of Commons after a Tory rebellion failed to materialise.
The bill, which aims to stop legal challenges against ministers' plans to send asylum seekers to Rwanda, was approved by 320 votes to 276 votes.
Dozens of Tories thought the bill was flawed and had threatened to rebel but in the end, only 11 voted against it.
The bill now goes to the House of Lords where it will face stiff opposition.
Sunak argues that deporting some asylum seekers to Rwanda will be a deterrent to migrants seeking to get to the UK by crossing the Channel in small boats, but Labour has labelled the plan an expensive "gimmick".
Over the past two days MPs on the right of the Conservative Party have tried to change the bill, arguing that, without amendments, the government's Rwanda plan could be blocked by the courts.
On Wednesday, former immigration minister Robert Jenrick tabled an amendment which would permit the UK government to ignore parts of human rights law in relation to sending people to Rwanda.
Jenrick also proposed an amendment which would ensure ministers automatically reject last-minute interim orders from the European Court of Human Rights.
Such an order was responsible for blocking a flight to Rwanda back in June 2022.
The amendment was not approved by MPs but received the backing of 61 Conservatives - the biggest rebellion of Sunak's premiership.
Former immigration minister Robert Jenrick's suggested amendments failed. Photo: AFP
Some MPs had suggested they would be willing to abstain or even vote against the entire bill if it remained unchanged.
The bill could have fallen if about 30 Conservatives had voted against it - an outcome that would have severely damaged the prime minister's authority, potentially fatally.
However, in the event, just 11 MPs - including Jenrick and former home secretary Suella Braverman - voted against it.
Other Tory MPs on the list included Miriam Cates, Sir Simon Clarke, Mark Francois and Danny Kruger.
Eighteen Conservative MPs did not record a vote, however some of those may have simply been unable to attend the vote rather than deliberately abstaining.
Conservative Danny Kruger, who voted against the bill, said some of his colleagues had opted to support the legislation despite their concerns in order to avoid "political disruption".
Sir Simon Clarke, who also opposed the bill said: "All Conservatives want the Rwanda policy to succeed... the profound misgivings some of us hold about the bill are on record, but history will now relate who was right."
Labour opposed the bill, with shadow Home Office secretary Yvette Cooper labelling the policy a "costly con" that had so far failed to send any asylum seekers to Rwanda.
Home Secretary James Cleverly defended the plan arguing that it sent "an unambiguously clear message that if you enter the United Kingdom illegally you cannot stay".
"This bill has been meticulously drafted to end the merry-go-round of legal challenges," he added.
The debate over the legislation has exposed on-going divisions among Conservatives - on Tuesday evening two deputy chairmen, Lee Anderson and Brendan Clarke-Smith, quit their roles in order to vote for the rebel amendments.
Despite his concerns, Clarke-Smith backed the bill at the final stage, while Anderson did not register a vote.
One rebel source told the BBC: "It is not the case that tonight's vote is the end of matters. If the House of Lords chooses - as I suspect they will - to send back amendments that weaken the bill, the response of those [right-wing Conservative MPs] will be to table amendments in lieu that toughen the bill.
"The prime minister is by no means out of the woods."
As the debate in the House of Commons unfolded, developments took place elsewhere.
Speaking from the Davos conference in Switzerland, Rwanda's President Paul Kagame said he would return money to the UK if no asylum seekers were sent to his country.
The UK has so far paid £240 million ($NZ517m) to the East African nation and is expected to pay a further £50m.
A Rwandan government spokeswoman later said the country had "no obligation" to return the money but would consider a request for a refund from the UK.
In Westminster, a Downing Street spokesman was forced to deny it was trying to change the Civil Service code to include a presumption that emergency injunctions from the European Court of Human Rights should be ignored.
At the start of the day Home Office Minister Michael Tomlinson had said the government was "looking at that", but hours later No 10 said it was not seeking to rewrite the code.
The Cabinet Office later issued guidance stating that it was the "responsibility" of civil servants to "implement" a minister's decision to ignore rulings from the court.
This story was first published by the BBC.