Will the Rio games be clean?

Sports Call - This week, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) stopped short of handing Russia a blanket ban from next month's Rio Games, despite evidence of state-sponsored doping.

With all the recent revelations and the IOC's Russian side-step, how clean can we expect the Olympics to be?

The IOC chose not to ban Russia outright from Rio; instead, it gave individual sports governing bodies the responsibility to decide if the athletes could compete.

The move has been slammed by anti-doping agencies and athletes around the world.

Drugfree Sport New Zealand chief executive Graeme Steel labelled it weak and extremely disappointing.

"The IOC said earlier this year that international sports federations should not be involved in anti-doping work as they have a conflict of interest, and now, in almost the same breath, they're saying we'll now give responsibility back to them."

The World Rowing Federation came down strong, slashing the Russian Olympic rowing team from 26 athletes to six.

But the International Judo Federation, which lists the Russian President Vladimir Putin as its honorary president, has allowed Russian athletes to participate.

So Russia is expected to have more than 250 athletes at the Olympics and convicted drug cheats from other countries, who have already served their bans, will compete too.

That raises the question: will there be any current dopers in Rio?

Graeme Steel believes there will and said some of them will win.

"It's clear from what we've seen from Russia, and what we know about doping that's happening in other countries, that athletes are still doping and some are getting away with it. So some athletes in Rio will succeed and they will have doped to do that."

A former head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), New Zealander David Howman, agreed and said it would be naive to think otherwise.

He said research showed the powerful allure of Olympic glory.

"Would you go to an Olympic Games and cheat if you were sure of getting a gold medal but you're probably going to die before you're 25? A high percentage of athletes say yes they will. So you've got to balance that sort of information, that knowledge you've got from research, against your hopes."

The problem is so bad a former New Zealand Olympian is calling for all athletes who win medals alongside Russians not to stand on the podium during the medal ceremony.

Moss Burmester, who swam at the 2004 and 2008 Games, said doping runs deep and clean athletes felt powerless to stop it.

"It's not just the Russians; it's rife throughout sport. Certain sports you just know, and the athletes who're in there, who're clean, they can look around the sport and the locker rooms and marshalling rooms and they know who the dirty athletes are; they just can't speak out about it."

One of the New Zealand athletes almost robbed of his Olympic place is Greg Miller, 31, who claimed his spot after the suspension of an Australian wrestler.

Miller works full-time, spent $15,000 of his own money and committed to 15 years of training trying to get to Rio, only to almost have his dream dashed by a doper.

He said to miss out in that way would have been devastating.

"That would have been something that haunted me for the rest of my life, to miss out to someone who was ultimately banned from the Olympics."

So if Rio isn't clean, will any Olympics ever be?

Former WADA boss Howman doubts it.

"Some are persuaded to cheat, cheat for the hope that they're going to achieve immortality and fame, those psychological or personal, human things haven't altered. The whole process of collecting urine and blood is fraught with human fragility because you rely so much on humans to do the work and at each stage of that you've got the possibility of being corrupt and paid off."

Howman said crime was involved in 25 percent of world sport and said where there was money to be made, there would always be doping and corruption.

The Rio Olympics appear to be no different.