The sound of gunfire has echoed through Ukraine's capital Kyiv as Russian tanks were filmed entering the city for the first time.
Civilians respond to the call to take up arms to defend Kyiv. Photo: AFP
Ukraine's Ministry of Defence called on those living in the northern outskirts, where the tanks were seen, to make fire bombs "to neutralise the enemy".
The government says it is handing out 18,000 machine guns to "all those who want to defend our capital".
The European Union has announced new sanctions to freeze Vladimir Putin's personal assets in Europe.
The Kremlin, meanwhile, says that Russia is ready for talks with Ukraine.
Spokesman Dmitry Peskov said talks would have to be about Ukraine declaring a "neutral status" - which would include "demilitarisation". Russia wants Ukraine to rule out ever joining Nato.
Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky has repeatedly called for talks with Putin, but has given no sign that he would agree to talks on the basis of "demilitarisation".
Overnight, Kyiv was hit by blasts, with at least one block of flats damaged and several civilians injured.
Russia has denied carrying out strikes.
A damaged residential building at Koshytsa Street in Kyiv. Photo: AFP
An unnamed source at Russia's defence ministry also said a plane shot down over Kyiv was Ukrainian, Reuters news agency reports. Ukraine has said the jet was Russian.
As the second day of fighting began, Moscow - which is attacking from the east, north and south - appeared to have Kyiv firmly in its sights. Mayor Vitali Klitschko said "the enemy" was trying to put Kyiv "on its knees".
Ukrainian servicemen stand on patrol at a security checkpoint on February 25, 2022 in Kyiv, Ukraine. Photo: 2022 Getty Images
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On Friday afternoon, Russia's defence ministry announced it had captured the Antonov airport, using 200 helicopters and a landing force in order to take the base to the north of Kyiv from Ukraine. Western intelligence officials warned earlier that Russia was building an "overwhelming force" to take control of the city.
The wreckage of an unidentified aircraft which crashed into a private house in a residential area in Kyiv. Photo: AFP
Citizens in the northern Obolon district have been told to stay at home to avoid "active military operations" by city officials, Reuters adds. Obolon is the same area where it appeared tanks were filmed earlier in the day.
The Ministry of Defence had already appealed to the district's residents on its Facebook page to "inform us of troop movements, to make Molotov cocktails [firebombs] and neutralise the enemy".
Overnight, families took shelter in Kyiv's metro stations as aerial attacks struck the city, including the densely populated Pozniake area, injuring at least eight.
"Putin, we want to see you slaughtered like an animal," one Kyiv resident told the BBC.
"How we can live through it in our time?" Oxana Gulenko asked Reuters as she cleaned up broken glass from one blast. "What should we think. Putin should be burnt in hell along with his whole family."
A woman prays in a square in Kyiv as Russian troops close in on the capital. Photo: AFP
Earlier, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said no talks could be held until the Ukrainian military lays down its arms.
Lavrov is also included in the EU's move to freeze personal assets - but it not clear whether he or President Putin have any significant assets in Europe.
Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky had earlier said Russia was seeking to "destroy Ukraine politically by destroying the head of state".
"According to the information we have, the enemy has designated me as target number one. My family is target number two," he said.
President Zelensky has vowed to stay in Kyiv and to continue fighting the attacks across Ukraine - which is coming from the north, south and east - ordering the call-up of conscripts and reservists in all of Ukraine's regions. The country's defence minister urged anyone able to hold a weapon to join the effort to repel Russia.
13 Ukrainian guards killed
There have already been stories of immense bravery in the face of stark odds - including that of 13 border guards on a tiny island in the Black Sea who refused to surrender to a Russian warship and were massacred in a bombardment.
President Zelensky said they would be given posthumous war hero honours.
Thursday also saw fighting around the site of the former nuclear power plant in Chernobyl. Ukrainian presidential adviser Mykhaylo Podolyak said the nuclear site itself had been lost following a "fierce battle".
On Friday, Ukraine's nuclear agency said it was recording raised radiation levels in the area. A statement released by Russia's Ministry of Defence said levels were normal, adding an agreement had been reached "to ensure security of the power plant and sarcophagus of the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant".
Ukraine says at least 137 people - civilians and soldiers - have been killed. Russia has not admitted any deaths, whilst both sides claim to have inflicted heavy losses on the other.
A volunteer armed with a rifle tries to protect a main road leading into the Ukrainian capital. Photo: AFP
Putin - who declared war in a dramatic televised address - has threatened any country attempting to interfere with "consequences you have never seen".
The UK, EU and other allies vowed to impose tough new sanctions to punish Moscow, but said they would not send in troops.
French President Emmanuel Macron held a telephone call with his Russian counterpart yesterday, in what was Putin's first conversation with a Western leader in days, demanding an "immediate halt" to the offensive. The Kremlin, however, simply said the pair had a "serious and frank exchange of views".
Zelensky, meanwhile, hit out at the European leaders' response.
"Like World War II, you said never again, but here it is again and you're not doing enough to respond," he said.
- BBC