Opinion - It's the time of year to make resolutions to improve fitness and strength, but this may not require a gym membership or even hard work.
A woman puts on ankle weights before she starts a workout in a gym. Photo: 123RF
Strength training can be effective with small weights, provided by household items like a small can of spaghetti or wearable resistance loads incorporated into clothing.
You might remember from your school physics classes that strength and force are fairly synonymous. The formula for force was given to us by Sir Isaac Newton: force = mass x acceleration.
When you think of getting stronger or improving the force of certain muscles, you may have visions of lifting relatively heavy weights. But because of the large mass, you can't move a heavy load quickly. As a result your movement velocities and accelerations are small.
Depending on whether he is doing a tempo run or a sprint, the angular velocity at his hip can be between 400 to 1000 degrees per second, in other words very fast.
Wearable resistance
From a physics perspective, there are two ways to develop strength. You either move heavy loads slowly or light loads quickly.
Wearable resistance refers to strength training where you affix a load to your body in some manner. It takes advantage of the concept of moving small masses (micro-loading) at high velocities.
That small mass is being accelerated and decelerated at high rates, which in turn loads the muscles substantially.
Let's add one more layer of physics to show how micro-loading with wearable resistance trains strength. Have you heard of inertia? It describes the resistance to a change in motion. Resistance is a function of mass.
For example, if you place a 400g weight on your mid-thigh, then your thigh is 400g heavier and therefore requires more muscular effort to accelerate and decelerate. If you place the same weight further away from the rotating hip joint, you'll need to put in more muscular effort to get it going because that loading has greater rotational inertia.
It's this rotational inertia you are really interested in when it comes to assessing the muscle training with limb-loaded wearable resistance. It is important to understand so you can use it safely and effectively.
The formula here is: rotational inertia = mass x radius²
Let's take the thigh as an example. The thigh requires rotational force (torque) to move it. The larger the thigh mass, the more muscular effort (torque) is required by the hip flexors and extensors.
By simply adding more wearable resistance to the thigh you can increase the rotational inertia, which means more muscular effort or turning force (torque) is required at the hip joint.
But let's not forget the second part of the formula (r²), which describes where we put the mass. This has a bigger influence on rotational inertia (muscular effort) because the distance between the joint and the added weight (radius) is squared.
Increasing the training effect
I have modelled the rotational inertia associated with the thigh of a 86kg athlete. By shifting the load further down the leg, you can increase the rotational inertia, for example from 4.7 percent to 12.1 percent for a 400g load.
This is called distal loading and it is one of the most important parameters to understand with wearable resistance. For every centimetre you move from the axis of rotation, the distance is squared and hence has a substantial effect on rotational inertia and therefore the muscular work required.
Wearable resistance micro-loading provides an alternative to traditional strength training with heavy loads. It also has the added bonus of happening as part of what you are doing anyway, such as walking or swimming. For the time-poor, this is good news as the gym can take on less importance.
By slipping a weight further away from the rotating joint, you can systematically and progressively increase the training effect on your muscles without adding weight.
As a result of the greater mechanical load, your metabolic activity and calorie burning increase. There are many possible applications of wearable resistance training beyond strength and fitness building, including for general health, injury prevention and recovery.
* John Cronin is a Professor of Strength and Conditioning at Auckland University of Technology