Transport Minister Michael Wood. Photo: RNZ / Angus Dreaver
The Transport Minister admits some roads may need to be abandoned as a result of climate change, and the extreme weather it will bring.
Last week, RNZ revealed Waka Kotahi had, until recently, not been factoring climate change and the need for resilience into its transport projects.
The agency was said to be swamped by the need to respond to crisis.
In its National Resilience Programme Business Case, produced by Tonkin + Taylor and Tregaskis Brown in 2020, the agency was criticised for "disjointed and reactive decision-making" which had led to "suboptimal and inefficient investment choices and is hampering our ability to adapt".
The report found more than 350 risks to the national roading network - 38 of which were extreme.
In Thursday's Budget, the government dedicated $6 billion to transport resilience, and Transport Minister Michael Wood confirmed it would be used proactively, rather than as a reaction to damaged infrastructure.
"That's a proactive piece of work," Wood said. "It's about getting in there, region by region, looking ahead, assessing where the greatest risks are, and trying to make wise long-term decisions about how we make sure our assets can withstand a future with climate change."
An interactive map produced as part of the resilience report gives a good guide of the kind of work the government will prioritise with its resilience fund.
A road closed sign in Titirangi during flooding in January 2023. Photo: Getty Images / Fiona Goodall
In Auckland, areas hit hard by the Anniversary Weekend flooding were identified three years ago as prone to flooding due to poor project planning.
For instance, State Highway 1 near Newmarket was listed as at moderate risk of flooding.
"High potential for pooling of water," the report said. "Is 100 percent reliant on soakage disposal. Surface water collection, conveyance and disposal systems area all of limited design capacity. A 1 percent [annual exceedance probability] AEP rainfall event could result in loss of system access and availability."
The report suggested land would need to be purchased to build an alternative drainage system.
"For example tunnel for stormwater management... would require purchasing of land away from infrastructure. Relatively convenient detours available but regional system disruption will be significant."
And just north of the Harbour Bridge on State Highway 1 is listed as a major risk to the network due to sea level rise and coastal inundation, which already happens today.
"This results in varying amounts of inundation across 4 lanes, from bus lane only through to all lanes. This can cause significant disruption to the availability and resilience of the system. In extreme cases this results in window of significant disruption (and loss of multiple lanes) for about two hours at high tide window."
The report suggested the highway may need to be raised, flood barriers built, or a pump system installed to mitigate the risk.
The government has announced a bridge will be built to re-open State Highway 25A, on the Coromandel Peninsula, which was sliced through by a massive landslide in storms in January. Photo: RNZ / Libby Kirkby-McLeod
Wood said the resilience fund would address many of the issues identified in the report.
"Broadly speaking it's about looking at those regions, identifying where key infrastructure is that people are highly reliant on, understanding the risks, and then understanding the options for building as much resilience in as we can."
Some roads identified in the report are not fixable, and there are not solutions to mitigate the risk, such as alternate routes.
For example, the Remutaka Hill Road near Wellington is susceptible to landslides, earthquakes and liquefaction.
"If there is an earthquake it will be out of service due to many risks," the report said. "Focus should be on State Highway 1 first to get a route open to the north before addressing State Highway 2."
The report goes on to say: "Requires ongoing investment to improve resilience, but likely to always be a risk in large earthquakes."
Wood said in extreme cases, it was possible the infrastructure would not be rebuilt if it was damaged by earthquakes, storms, or in other ways.
"That is a real possibility as we work this through," Wood said.
"It's very likely as we work it through that we might want to make changes on the network. We might say, rebuild a certain asset in a different way.
"If a bridge has been damaged, perhaps we need to build it higher, or at a different point on that catchment system. There might be different routes that we need to explore.
"At the extreme end there might be places where we know that the impact of extreme weather is going to be so unremitting that... we need to think about doing it completely differently."
The report said the Remutaka Hill Road was susceptible to landslides, earthquakes and liquefaction. Photo: NZTA / Twitter
Green Party transport spokesperson Julie Anne Genter said investment in rail and sea shipping should be a focus in future for cut off communities, and Wood agreed.
He said sea shipping had been a lifeline for the East Coast after Cyclone Gabrielle, and that would be explored further.
Wood said it was "beyond time" resilience was properly factored into infrastructure spending, and tough conversations were now beginning with communities that will be affected in future.
"We need to do it carefully, and work it through with communities in those areas to make sure people have what they need to live their lives well.
"Where we have to make decisions about where assets are and where that might need to change, we need to work that through with the communities.
"But as I said, we have to move forward with this because if we don't we actually expose communities to more vulnerabilities in the future."
The $6b resilience fund will be delivered over four years, and Wood said decisions on projects that would receive funding were still being worked through.