A diet has been developed that promises to save lives, feed 10 billion people and all without causing catastrophic damage to the planet.
Legumes and nuts are a major component of the new diet. Photo: 123RF
Scientists have been trying to figure out how we are going to feed billions more people in the decades to come.
Their answer - "the planetary health diet" - does not completely banish meat and dairy. But it requires an enormous shift in what we pile onto our plates and turning to foods that we barely eat.
The changes that are required
If you eat meat every day then this is the first biggie. For red meat you're looking at a burger a week or a large steak a month and that's your lot.
You can still have a couple of portions of fish and the same of chicken a week, but plants are where the rest of your protein will need to come from.
The researchers are recommending nuts and a good helping of legumes (that's beans, chickpeas and lentils) every day instead.
There's also a major push on all fruit and vegetables, which should make up half of every plate of food we eat, although there's a cull on "starchy vegetables" such as the humble potato or cassava which is widely eaten in Africa.
So what is the diet in detail?
If you served it all up this is what you are allowed each day:
- Nuts - 50g a day
- Beans, chickpeas, lentils and other legumes - 75g a day
- Fish - 28g a day
- Eggs - 13g a day (so one and a bit a week)
- Meat - 14g a day of red meat and 29g a day of chicken
- Carbs - whole grains like bread and rice 232g a day and 50g a day of starchy vegetables
- Dairy - 250g - the equivalent of one glass of milk
- Vegetables (300g) and fruit (200g)
The diet has room for 31g of sugar and about 50g worth of oils like olive oil.
Will it taste awful?
Professor Walter Willet, one of the researchers who is based at Harvard, said it would not and that after a childhood on a farm eating three portions of red meat a day he was now in line with the planetary health diet.
"There's tremendous variety there," he said.
"You can take those foods and put them together in thousands of different ways. We're not talking about a deprivation diet here, it is healthy eating that is flexible and enjoyable."
The plan requires changes to diets in every corner of the world. Photo: 123RF
Europe and North America need to cut back massively on red meat, East Asia needs to cut back on fish, and Africa on starchy vegetables.
"Humanity has never attempted to change the food system at this scale and this speed," says Line Gordon, an assistant professor at the Stockholm Resilience Centre.
"Whether it's a fantasy or not, a fantasy doesn't have to be bad... it's time to dream of a good world," she says.
Taxes on red meat are one of the many options the researchers say may be necessary to persuade us to switch diets.
Who came up with this proposal?
A group of 37 scientists from around the world were brought together as part of the EAT-Lancet commission.
They're a mix of experts from farming to climate change to nutrition and they took two years to come up with their findings which have been published in The Lancet.
Why do we need a diet for 10 billion people?
The world population reached 7 billion in 2011 and it's now around 7.7 billion. That figure is expected to reach 10 billion around 2050 and will keep on climbing.
The researchers say the diet will prevent around 11 million people dying each year. That number is largely down to cutting diseases related to unhealthy diets such as heart attacks, strokes and some cancers.
These are now the biggest killers in developed countries.
How bad is farming for the planet?
The use of land for growing food and forestry accounts for around a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions, about the same as from electricity and heating, and substantially more than from all the trains, planes and cars on the planet.
Agriculture is a leading contributor to both methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Photo: 123RF
When you look more closely at the food sector's environmental impact, you can see that meat and dairy are the major factors - worldwide, livestock accounts for between 14.5 and 18 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.
When it comes to other warming gases, agriculture is one of the leading contributors to both methane and nitrous oxide emissions.
Agriculture is also a significant source of air pollution with ammonia from farms a major cause of fine particulate matter, which the WHO says is a threat to health worldwide.
Similarly when it comes to water, agriculture and food productions are one of the biggest threats, consuming 70 percent of global freshwater sources for irrigation.
So will the planetary health diet save the planet?
The researchers' aim was to feed more people while:
- Minimising greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change
- Preventing any species going extinct
- Have no expansion of farmland
- and preserve water.
However, just changing diets is nowhere near enough.
In order to make the numbers add up, it also requires a halving of food waste and to increase the amount of food produced on current farmland.
"If we were just minimising greenhouse gases we'd say everyone be vegan," said Prof Willet. However, he said it was unclear whether a vegan diet was the healthiest option.
The EAT-Lancet Commission plans to take its findings to governments around the world and bodies such as the World Health Organisation to see if they can begin to change the way we eat.
- BBC