By Bernd Debusmann Jr and Mike Wendling, BBC News in Washington
Former US President and 2024 presidential hopeful Donald Trump speaks during a campaign rally in Green Bay, Wisconsin, on 2 April. Photo: AFP Alex Wroblewski
Every night since August 2022, a small crowd has gathered outside the Washington DC Central Jail, through frigid winter nights and under spring rain, to protest against the US justice system.
The protesters outside the red-brick buildings of the facility pray, discuss the news, and broadcast telephone calls with prisoners inside the jail, where hundreds of accused or convicted rioters have been held in the three years since the 6 January 2021 storming of the Capitol.
In recent months, as Donald Trump has gripped the Republican Party's presidential nomination, the protesters have taken heart from the ex-president's vocal public support for those who attacked Congress.
At rallies, Trump plays a version of the national anthem recorded by the J6 Prison Choir - an anonymous group of prisoners thought to include several violent offenders.
On Wednesday, he posted a video of the song on his Truth Social account, describing them as "January 6th hostages" - a term he has increasingly used in reference to the rioters.
On a recent chilly evening, Micki Witthoeft was one of a handful of protesters and live-streamers outside the jail. The mother of Ashli Babbitt, a 35-year-old military veteran who was shot and killed by law enforcement after breaching the Capitol building, Witthoeft said she had received a call from Trump just that day in which he promised to "do his best" for the prisoners should he return to office.
"President Trump is a man of his word," she said.
"We don't really think everybody on January 6 was innocent of all things, but we just want them to be adequately and accurately charged and sentenced."
People pray at a vigil in support of January 6th defendants outside the Washington DC Central Jail, on 3 January, 2024. Photo: AFP/ Andrew Caballero-Reynolds
When a mob of Trump's supporters breached the US Capitol to try to stop the certification of Joe Biden's victory in the 2020 presidential election, the images of police and security officers under attack and armed rioters surging into the centre of American democracy shocked the country.
Around 140 police officers were assaulted, according to justice department figures. In total, more than 1350 people have been arrested since then.
Nearly 30 January 6 inmates are reported to be currently held in the DC jail, most of them charged with assaulting officers.
As part of his re-election bid, Trump has promised to pardon many of the January 6 rioters but has never detailed the specific criteria he might use.
At times he has distinguished between non-violent rioters and those who "got out of control", but his focus at campaign events largely centres on unsubstantiated claims that both he and they are victims of political persecution.
While political strategists say the focus could hurt Trump electorally - particularly among independent and moderate voters he must win over to defeat Joe Biden - they see the messaging as a bid to keep his loyal base of supporters motivated.
Micki Witthoeft (left), the mother of Ashli Babbitt who was killed on January 6, 2021 during the attack on the US Capitol, and Nicole Reffitt, the wife of Guy Reffitt who was jailed for the January 6, 2021 attack on the US Capitol, speak with an inmate at a vigil for January 6th defendants outside the Washington DC Central Jail on 3 January, 2024. Photo: AFP/ Andrew Caballero-Reynolds
"They've been treated terribly and very unfairly," Trump said last month at a rally in Dayton, Ohio, going on to describe the prisoners as "unbelievable patriots".
In his own words: How Trump's January 6th language evolved
7 January 2021: "I am outraged by the violence, lawlessness and mayhem… to those who broke the law, you will pay." (Televised speech)
July 2021: "There was such love at that rally... the crowd was unbelievable and I mentioned the word love, the love in the air, I've never seen anything like it." (Fox News interview)
January 2022: "If I run and if I win, we will treat those people from Jan 6 fairly… And if it requires pardons we will give them pardons." (Texas rally)
May 2023: "I am inclined to pardon many of them. I can't say for every single one because a couple of them, probably, they got out of control… And it'll be very early on." (CNN town hall discussion)
November 2023: "I call them the J6 hostages, not prisoners." (Texas rally)
12 March 2024: "My first acts as your next President will be to Close the Border, DRILL, BABY, DRILL, and Free the January 6 Hostages being wrongfully imprisoned!" (Truth Social post)
16 March 2024: "You see the spirit from the hostages, and that's what they are, is hostages. They've been treated terribly and very unfairly." (Ohio rally)
3 April 2024: "January 6th hostages with President Donald J. Trump", with a video featuring the J6 Prison Choir song (Truth Social post)
Mixed responses to Trump's messages on 6 January defendants
Trump's attacks on the legal system for alleged political bias against the Capitol rioters echo his public outbursts about his own legal travails.
He faces four criminal indictments, including one that accuses him of conspiring to overturn the 2020 election. And embracing the 6 January defendants, observers say, bolsters his claim to supporters that the legal system is "rigged".
Trump speaking about immigrants at a campaign event on 2 April in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Photo: AFP
"The political prisoners narrative seems to be an effort to frame the Jan 6 attack as a lawful political protest," said Barbara McQuade, a University of Michigan law professor and author of the book Attack from Within: How Disinformation is Sabotaging America.
And Trump's base want to believe in him and his narrative about the legal system, even though it is "a con", McQuade said.
Several Trump supporters told the BBC they felt the sentencing of the rioters was too harsh.
Scott Nolan, a self-described conservative voter in Reston, Virginia, called Trump's statements "overblown, but not entirely incorrect". He said he believed the president was right to say that Antifa and Black Lives Matter protesters had been treated differently.
Polling, however, suggests the idea that the Capitol rioters are being treated unfairly is broadly rejected by most Americans.
A Washington Post-University of Maryland survey in December 2023 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents believed punishments had either been "fair" or "not harsh enough". And a recent survey by Associated Press-NORC Centre for Public Affairs Research found two-thirds of Americans thought the riot was "very" or "extremely" violent.
Both polls showed sharp differences between Republicans and Democrats.
Gunner Ramer, political director of Republican Accountability, a political action committee opposed to Trump, said the campaign rhetoric about January 6 "hostages" could be particularly damaging among voters that might ultimately determine the outcome of the election.
"Trump talking about 'political prisoners' activates victimhood grievance politics and connects with Republican primary voters," he said. "But when you're talking about swing voters - those who supported Trump in 2016 but not in 2020 - they are absolutely repulsed by January 6."
Trump has not been specific about why he believes the rioters were treated unfairly. Nor has he been specifically critical of conditions in the DC jail, which has long been the subject of complaints and lawsuits.
Some of the people given the longest 6 January sentences, for felonies such as seditious conspiracy - plotting against the government - did not directly participate in vandalism or physical violence. Instead they were prosecuted for co-ordinating attempts to stop the vote and bringing dozens of their members to the Capitol that day.
Trump's campaign did not respond to requests for comment, but a spokeswoman recently told the Washington Post: "President Trump will restore justice for all Americans who have been unfairly treated by Joe Biden's two-tier system of justice."
Analysis by the Washington Post that compared sentences in Capitol riot cases to national sentencing guidelines suggests they received lighter punishments than those usually applied. In two-thirds of Capitol riot cases, judges handed out sentences below federal guidelines. Nationally they go below the guidelines in about half of all cases, the paper reported.
The protesters outside the DC jail agreed that a blanket pardon for all of the rioters was not necessarily warranted. But they hoped that most would be freed or have their criminal records expunged.
"Our hope is that [Trump] wins and gets back in office," said Tamara Jackson, a Texas woman whose husband Brian pleaded guilty in February to felony assault charges, and whose brother-in-law Andrew was recently sentenced to a year of weekends in jail. "Them [the detainees] coming home is obviously the goal."
Trump supporters clashed with police and security forces at the US Capitol building in Washington, DC on January 6, 2021. Photo: AFP
Many of Trump's political allies have echoed his support for the jailed rioters. But there has been pushback from some leading Republicans who have broken publicly with their party's nominee.
Mike Pence, who served as Trump's vice-president, told CBS News last month that he thought it was "very unfortunate" that the former president had begun to use the term "hostages" to refer to Capitol rioters.
Pence oversaw proceedings in Congress to certify Joe Biden's 2020 election win as crowds stormed the building. Some chanted "Hang Mike Pence" and he was rushed to safety as protesters broke windows before rampaging through the Senate.
"It's just unacceptable," he said.
- This story was first published by BBC