The first hints that a vaccine can train people's immune system to fight coronavirus have been reported by a company in the US.
Some 80 groups around the world are working on a vaccine. This file photo is of Photo: AFP
Novavax labs in Maryland, United States, one of the firms involved in developing a vaccine.
Moderna said neutralising antibodies were found in the first eight people who took part in their safety trials.
It also said the immune response was similar to people infected with the actual virus.
Larger trials to see whether the jab actually protects against infection are expected to start in July.
Work on a coronavirus vaccine has been taking place at unprecedented speed, with around 80 groups around the world working on them.
Moderna was the first to test an experimental vaccine, called mRNA-1273, in people.
The vaccine is a small snippet of the coronavirus's genetic code, which is injected into the patient.
It is not capable of causing an infection or the symptoms of Covid-19, but is enough to provoke a response from the immune system.
The vaccine trials, run by the US government's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, showed the vaccine led to the production of antibodies which can neutralise the coronavirus.
However, testing for these neutralising antibodies has only taken place on the first eight, out of 45, people on the trial.
See all RNZ coverage of Covid-19
The people on the trial were taking either a low, middle or high dose. The highest dose was linked to most side-effects.
However, Moderna said that even people taking the lowest dose had antibodies at the same levels seen in patients who recover from Covid-19.
And antibodies "significantly exceeded" those in recovered patients for people on the middle dose.
The study is known as a phase 1 trial as it is designed to test whether the vaccine is safe, rather then whether it is effective.
It will take larger trials to see if people are protected against the virus. However, experiments on mice showed the vaccine could prevent the virus replicating in their lungs.
"These interim phase 1 data, while early, demonstrate that vaccination with mRNA-1273 elicits an immune response of the magnitude caused by natural infection," said Dr Tal Zaks, chief medical officer at Moderna.
"These data substantiate our belief that mRNA-1273 has the potential to prevent Covid-19 disease and advance our ability to select a dose for pivotal trials."
Moderna said it was hoping to start a large-scale trial in July, and that it was already investigating how to manufacture the vaccine at scale.
Oxford vaccine
A vaccine pioneered by the University of Oxford is also being tested in people, but there are no results from those trials yet.
However, concerns have been raised about the results of experiments in monkeys.
Tests showed vaccinated animals had less severe symptoms and did not get pneumonia. However, they were not completely protected from the virus and signs of it were detected at the same level in the monkeys noses as in unvaccinated animals.
Prof Eleanor Riley, from the University of Edinburgh, said: "If similar results were obtained in humans, the vaccine would likely provide partial protection against disease in the vaccine recipient but would be unlikely to reduce transmission in the wider community."
However, until human trials have been performed it is impossible to know how the vaccine will perform in people.
Antibody treatment
A US company is reporting it is moving closer to finding a viable antibody treatment for Covid-19.
Distributed Bio has engineered antibodies it says have confirmed to block the virus from infecting human cells.
"It needs to be safe and it needs to be effective" - Distributed Bio chief executive Jacob Glanville
Chief executive Jacob Glanville told RNZ's First Up the company sent the antibodies to three independent laboratories, at the US Department of Defense, Stanford University and Galveston National Laboratory.
"They were able to demonstrate that some of these antibodies are extremely potent in their ability to block the virus from being able infect human cells."
The antibodies neutralise the coronavirus by binding to the spikes on the ouside of the virus which it uses to attack human cells, he says.
In the next phase, the company has now given the antibodies to hamsters exposed to the coronavirus, and is expecting results in the next few weeks.
At the same time it is moving forward with manufacture, and was talking to manufacturing facilities throughout the world. The final price had yet to be determined but "we can make it cheap enough so the whole world can afford it", he said.
-BBC / RNZ
Read more about the Covid-19 coronavirus:
- Covid-19 symptoms: What they are and how they make you feel
- Touching your Face: Why do we do it and how to stop
- Scientific hand-washing advice to avoid infection
- Your Covid-19 questions answered - from health and employment to managing anxiety
- A timeline: How the coronavirus started, spread and stalled life in New Zealand
- Coronavirus: A glossary of terms
- The Coronavirus Podcast