By Ido Vock and Lyse Doucet, BBC News
File photo. 1.9 million people in Gaza have had to leave their homes since 7 October 2023 out of a total population of 2.2 million. Photo: AFP/ Yomiuri Shimbun
Hamas has laid out a series of demands, including exchanging hostages for Palestinian prisoners and rebuilding Gaza, in response to an Israel-backed ceasefire proposal.
The armed group wants a full withdrawal of Israeli forces and an end to the war after three 45-day truce periods.
The offer is likely to be unacceptable to Israel's prime minister, who has called for "total victory" in Gaza.
The question is whether a middle ground can be reached to move the process on.
Hamas's response is a counteroffer to a ceasefire proposal backed by Israel and the US and mediated by Qatar and Egypt - details of which have not been made public.
A draft of the Hamas document seen by the Reuters news agency suggests:
- Phase one: A 45-day pause in fighting during which all Israeli women hostages, males under 19, the elderly and sick would be exchanged for Palestinian women and children held in Israeli jails. Israeli forces would withdraw from populated areas of Gaza, and the reconstruction of hospitals and refugee camps would begin
- Phase two: Remaining male Israeli hostages would be exchanged for Palestinian prisoners and Israeli forces leave Gaza completely
- Phase three: Both sides would exchange remains and bodies
The deal would also see deliveries of food and other aid to Gaza increase. By the end of the 135-day pause in fighting, Hamas says negotiations to end the war would have concluded.
The proposal received a tepid response from US President Joe Biden, who called it "a little over the top". Secretary of State Anthony Blinken said there was still "a lot of work to be done" to reach a permanent ceasefire, but stressed the importance of reaching a lasting peace.
A previous one-week truce in November saw about 100 hostages freed in a swap with 240 Palestinian prisoners.
Around 1,300 people were killed during the Hamas attacks on southern Israel on 7 October last year.
More than 27,700 Palestinians have been killed and at least 65,000 injured by the war launched by Israel in response, according to the Hamas-run health ministry.
1.9 million people in Gaza have had to leave their homes since 7 October 2023 out of a total population of 2.2 million.
Speaking to Israel's Channel 13, a senior Israeli representative said some of the Hamas demands could not be met, adding that authorities were debating whether to reject the proposal or request different conditions.
While Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu insists the goal is "total victory", Israeli officials acknowledge that is still a long way off and some insist it is not even achievable militarily.
Earlier, a senior Hamas official told the BBC the armed group had "presented a positive vision" to the Israel-backed proposal but had asked for some amendments relating to the rebuilding of Gaza and the return of its residents to their homes.
The US, one of the main brokers in these indirect Israel-Hamas talks, still sees negotiations as the "best path forward" and is pressing hard along with its Arab partners.
Their goal is to achieve a sustained humanitarian pause, which could lead to a ceasefire and provide breathing space to focus on a more ambitious plan for the "day after" the end of the war.
Blinken called it an "incredibly powerful path" which would pave the way to the rebuilding of Gaza, a reformed Palestinian Authority and eventually a Palestinian state, as well as a normalisation of relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel.
But the Israeli military is still focused on destroying Hamas brigades and hunting down Hamas leaders. And Netanyahu, ever mindful of his own political survival, is under pressure from right-wing allies who warn they'll bring down his government if he makes any concessions.
Israeli families of hostages are growing ever more anxious about the fate of their loved ones, particularly following disclosures that a fifth of the more than 130 hostages remaining in Gaza are dead.
The US and its Arab allies worry about the growing risks of a wider regional conflagration. And many international organisations are loudly warning of the deepening humanitarian catastrophe unfolding in the Strip. Many clocks are ticking loudly.
- This story was first published by the BBC