By Jennifer Curtin, Sarah Hendrica Bickerton, Suzy Morrissey and Udari Herath.
Finance Minister Grant Robertson called this a recovery budget for "all New Zealanders". But was it an inclusive budget? Specifically, what did Budget 2021 offer those women who were significantly affected by the job losses resulting from Covid-19?
Finance Minister Grant Robertson and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern on Budget Day. Photo: RNZ / Dom Thomas
The budget priorities included an objective to "support into employment those most affected by Covid-19, including women and young people". Yet in the budget speech, Robertson announced no explicit initiatives for women workers.
Indeed, as was the case in 2020, the focus was on physical infrastructure - building hospitals, schools, houses, roads, rail and a refurbished Scott Base. Around 221,000 jobs are projected to result, some of which are linked to this capital investment of NZ$57.3 billion dollars over four years.
Such spending initiatives are not gender neutral. Our highly gender-segregated labour market means this investment is likely to generate many more jobs for men than women.
Despite the extension of the Training Incentive Allowance to higher qualifications, and targeted programmes such as Tupu Aotearoa for Pacific peoples, there was no mention of support to increase the number of women in trades.
Some initiatives are already in place, but evidence shows desegregating labour markets is no easy task. Often it is a heavily lopsided process. Women are encouraged into male dominated occupations, but not vice versa.
A focus on building need not preclude investment in the care economy. The latter is just as likely as construction to result in economic growth. Research also shows women need child care to support their labour market participation, and increasing child care places increases jobs (usually for women).
Budget 2021 offered little in this regard. It provided funding for just 3,00 additional places in Out of School Care.
Australia is doing better for women
The lack of a gender lens makes New Zealand a laggard compared to the conservative government of Australia. Scott Morrison's federal budget, handed down two weeks ago, was accompanied by an 81-page Women's Budget Statement. New spending initiatives focused on women's economic security, safety and health and well-being.
The statement included a raft of statistical evidence underpinning the government's decision to invest in social infrastructure. In addition, new money was allocated for women to enter STEM careers and to fund more services for women taking up work in trades.
Alongside this, frontline services for victims of family domestic violence received an injection of money, and A$16.6 million was committed to support a National Women's Health Strategy (over four years).
Obviously, Morrison's was an election budget. To go to the polls later this year, and to secure a win, he has to ameliorate an anticipated backlash from women voters horrified by the allegations of sexual assault, bullying and discrimination within his own party.
Morrison has to ameliorate an anticipated backlash from women voters horrified by the allegations of sexual assault, bullying and discrimination within his own party. Photo: AFP
Women were also critical of the fact they were largely overlooked in the 2020 budget, which focused on growing male-dominated industries.
Morrison may not be comparable to Jacinda Ardern in terms of his feminist leanings, but his minister for women, who is charged with championing the Women's Budget Statement, is Senator Marise Payne, Australia's Foreign Minister and a liberal feminist.
Some Australian commentators argue the budget offerings for women have not gone far enough. But it certainly appears to be more gender responsive than what we witnessed in New Zealand on Thursday afternoon.
Gender should be central to planning
So what do Ardern and Robertson need to change to ensure our progressive well-being approach accounts for women?
Mainstreaming gender analysis across all portfolios, so the budget process becomes more responsive to the needs of different groups of women and men, would be a good place to start.
Key international organisations, including the OECD, IMF and the United Nations, promote the economic and social value of gender responsive budgeting. Canada, Iceland and a number of other OECD countries have made significant progress in embedding gender analysis across all aspects of new and existing expenditure.
Three elements are required for successful implementation. First, a high-level strategy to ensure analysts take account of gender in their everyday practice across government (including budgeting).
Second, providing tools, training and disaggregated data to support this analysis (like our own "Bringing Gender In" tool and the Integrated Data Infrastructure). Third, working with parliament and civil society organisations to foster collaboration and accountability.
However, implementation of a gender-responsive budgeting process also requires political will to ensure public servants embrace this work. The adoption of a well-being approach, using Treasury's Living Standards Framework and He Ara Waiora, represents a good first step. But to ensure budget outcomes are equitable, and resources shared with all New Zealanders, gender analysis is essential throughout the budget process.
International evidence suggests implementation is not always easy. However, without gender-responsive budgeting, the gendered nature of public expenditure will remain invisible. This will be detrimental to the well-being of the economy and to reducing inequality.