The White House has strongly condemned a visit to Moscow by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
A spokesman criticised Russia for putting on a "red carpet welcome".
Russian President Vladimir Putin (right) shakes hands with his Syrian counterpart Bashar al-Assad during their meeting at the Kremlin in Moscow on Tuesday. Photo: ALEXEY DRUZHININ / RIA NOVOSTI / AFP
The Syrian leader's trip on Tuesday came three weeks after Russia began air strikes in Syria against Islamic State militants and other forces.
It was Mr Assad's first overseas trip since civil war broke out in Syria in 2011. The conflict has claimed more than a quarter of a million lives.
While in Moscow, Mr Assad made a point of expressing his gratitude for Russia's military intervention in the conflict.
He said Russia's involvement had stopped "terrorism" becoming "more widespread and harmful" in Syria.
For his part, Mr Putin said Moscow's hope was that a "long-term resolution can be achieved on the basis of a political process with the participation of all political forces, ethnic and religious groups".
The BBC's Steve Rosenberg in Moscow says that by hosting the Syrian leader, President Putin was sending a clear message to the West - that Moscow is a key player in the Middle East, and that there can be no solution to the Syrian conflict without Russia's involvement.
Visit 'at odds' with Russia's position on Syria
"We view the red carpet welcome for Assad, who has used chemical weapons against his own people, at odds with the stated goal by the Russians for a political transition in Syria," White House spokesman Eric Schultz told reporters.
A state department official said it was not surprised by the visit, but the main US concern was Russia's continued military support, which he said had emboldened the Assad government - something that would only serve to lengthen the civil war.
In the wake of Mr Assad's surprise visit, President Putin spoke to a number of Middle Eastern leaders to brief them.
They included the leaders of Saudi Arabia and Turkey, which give support to Syrian rebels.
Mr Putin also spoke to Egyptian and Jordanian leaders, Russian news agencies said.
Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu said that after the visit "the Syrian government has no legitimacy left". Russia launched air strikes in Syria on 30 September, saying they were hitting IS positions - which are also being targeted by US-led strikes.
Western countries and Syrian activists say Russian planes have been focused on hitting non-IS targets in order to shore up the position of the Syrian army, a claim Moscow denies.
- BBC